Friday, May 25, 2012

This is form my dear kids!

9th

Agreement

Subject-Verb Agreement

Subject-Verb Agreement - exercise 2

Subject-Verb Agreement - exercise 3

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement - exercise 2

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement - exercise 3

Verb Tenses

Legend

moment in time	action that takes place once, never or several times actions that happen one after another actions that suddenly take place
period of time	action that started before a certain moment and lasts beyond that moment actions taking place at the same time
Result	action taking place before a certain moment in time puts emphasis on the result
Course / Duration	action taking place before a certain moment in time puts emphasis on the course or duration of the action

First choose, which tense, kind of sentence and you want to practise.

Sentence	Level
Simple Present (600 sentences)
positive sentences:	Level 0	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
negative sentences:	Level 0	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
questions:	Level 0	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
Present Progressive (414 sentences)
positive sentences:	Level 0	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
negative sentences:	Level 0	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
questions:	Level 0	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
Simple Past (651 sentences)
positive sentences:		Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
negative sentences:		Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
questions:		Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
Past Progressive (441 sentences)
positive sentences:		Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
negative sentences:		Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
questions:		Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
Present Perfect Simple (579 sentences)
positive sentences:		Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
negative sentences:		Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
questions:		Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
Present Perfect Progressive (168 sentences)
positive sentences:			Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
negative sentences:			Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
questions:			Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
Past Perfect Simple (390 sentences)
positive sentences:			Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
negative sentences:			Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
questions:			Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
Past Perfect Progressive (159 sentences)
positive sentences:			Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
negative sentences:			Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
questions:			Level 2	Level 3	Level 4
Future I Simple will (555 sentences)
positive sentences:		Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
negative sentences:		Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
questions:		Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
Future I Simple going to (330 sentences)
positive sentences:		Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
negative sentences:		Level 1	Level 2	Level 3
questions:		Level 1	Level 2	Level 3

Passive Voice

This is for my dear kids!

10th and 11th

Agreement

Using Pronouns Correctly

Pronoun Case

Pronoun Case - exercise 2

Pronoun Case - exercise 3

Simple Present

FORM

[VERB] + s/es in third person

Examples:

You speak English.
Do you speak English?
You do not speak English.

USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

Examples:

I play tennis.
She does not play tennis.
Does he play tennis?
The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
The train does not leave at 9 AM.
When does the train usually leave?
She always forgets her purse.
He never forgets his wallet.
Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
Does the Sun circle the Earth?

USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

Examples:

Cats like milk.
Birds do not like milk.
Do pigs like milk?
California is in America.
California is not in the United Kingdom.
Windows are made of glass.
Windows are not made of wood.
New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

Examples:

The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
When do we board the plane?
The party starts at 8 o'clock.
When does class begin tomorrow?

Exercise on simple present with 'be'

Exercise on simple present with the auxiliary verb 'do'

Exercise on affirmative sentences

Exercise on negative sentences

Exercise on questions

Exercise on questions with interrogatives

Present Continuous

FORM

[am/is/are + present participle]

Examples:

You are watching TV.
Are you watching TV?
You are not watching TV.

USE 1 Now

Use the Present Continuous with normal verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.

Examples:

You are learning English now.
You are not swimming now.
Are you sleeping?
I am sitting.
I am not standing.
Is he sitting or standing?
They are reading their books.
They are not watching television.
What are you doing?
Why aren't you doing your homework?

USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.

Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)

I am studying to become a doctor.
I am not studying to become a dentist.
I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
I am not reading any books right now.
Are you working on any special projects at work?
Aren't you teaching at the university now?

USE 3 Near Future

Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.

Examples:

I am meeting some friends after work.
I am not going to the party tonight.
Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
Isn't he coming with us tonight?

USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

Examples:

She is always coming to class late.
He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
I don't like them because they are always complaining.

Exercise on the formation

Exercise on affirmative sentences

Exercise on negative sentences

Exercise on questions

Present Perfect

FORM

[has/have + past participle]

Examples:

You have seen that movie many times.
Have you seen that movie many times?
You have not seen that movie many times.

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

I have seen that movie twenty times.
I think I have met him once before.
There have been many earthquakes in California.
People have traveled to the Moon.
People have not traveled to Mars.
Have you read the book yet?
Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

I have been to France.
This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
I have been to France three times.
You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
I have never been to France.
This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
I think I have seen that movie before.
He has never traveled by train.
Joan has studied two foreign languages.
A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:

You have grown since the last time I saw you.
The government has become more interested in arts education.
Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

Man has walked on the Moon.
Our son has learned how to read.
Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:

James has not finished his homework yet.
Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
Bill has still not arrived.
The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

The army has attacked that city five times.
I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
We have had many major problems while working on this project.
She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:

Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
They have had three tests in the last week.
She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.

Examples:

I went to Mexico last year.
I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
I have been to Mexico in the last year.
I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

Examples:

I have had a cold for two weeks.
She has been in England for six months.
Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

Present Perfect Continuous

FORM

[has/have + been + present participle]

Examples:

You have been waiting here for two hours.
Have you been waiting here for two hours?
You have not been waiting here for two hours.

Complete List of Present Perfect Continuous Forms

USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.

Examples:

They have been talking for the last hour.
She has been working at that company for three years.
What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
James has been teaching at the university since June.
We have been waiting here for over two hours!
Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?

USE 2 Recently, Lately

You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.

Examples:

Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
She has been watching too much television lately.
Have you been exercising lately?
Mary has been feeling a little depressed.
Lisa has not been practicing her English.
What have you been doing?

IMPORTANT

Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Present Perfect.

Examples:

Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct
Sam has had his car for two years. Correct

Tuesday, March 13, 2012

review 9th, 10th, and 11th

The phrase

Prepositional Phrases
Most prepositional phrases are used as modifiers - either as an adjective or as an adverb.
A prepositional phrase which - like an adjective- modifies a noun or a pronoun is called an ADJECTIVE PHRASE.
An adjective phrase does the work of an adjective.
Example:
The corner house; because CORNER modifies HOUSE, it is an adjective. The adjective comes BEFORE the noun or pronoun it modifies.
The house on the corner; because the prepositional phrase ON THE CORNER also modifies a noun, it is an ADJECTIVE PHRASE. The Adjective phrase comes after the noun or pronoun it modifies.

Adjective phrases - just like adjectives- are often used after linking verbs as subject complements.
Example:
The lilacs are in full bloom. The adjective phrase IN FULL BLOOM is used as subject complement.
Examples:
In the following sentences, the Adjective-Phrases are colored blue.

• The Police arrested a man of criminal nature.
• The Police arrested a criminal man.

• He a man without a friend.
• He is friendless man.

• He led a life devoid of blame.
• He led a blameless life.

• From this village came a man of great fame.
• From this village came a famous man.

• It is of no use.
• It is useless.

• He is an author of great versatilility.
• He is a versatile author.

• The tops of the mountains were covered with snows.
• The mountainous tops were covered with snows.

• I admit that he is a man of sense.
• I admit that he is a sensible man.

• He carried a sword stained with blood.
• He carried a bloody sword.

• He walked through the street covered with mud.
• He walked through the muddy street.

Exercises:
http://www.quia.com/quiz/268697.html

A prepositional phrase can also be used as an adverb.
Example:
He spoke with pride.

Because the phrase with pride modifies how the action is carried out - the verb spoke, it is an adverb phrase.
Like the adverbs they resemble, adverb phrases answer the questions: WHEN, WHERE, HOW, WHY, TO WHAT EXTENT, and UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS about verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
Examples:

Type	Adverb phrase	Example
Manner	with a hammer	The carpenter hit the nail with a hammer.
Place	next door	The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
Time	before the holidays	We must finish our project before the holidays.
Frequency	every month	Jodie buys two CDs every month.
Purpose	for his mother	Jack bought the flowers for his mother.

Exercises:
http://www.quia.com/quiz/268698.html

Participial Phrases

articipial phrases are short phrases that appear at the beginning of a sentence or the end of the sentence. These participial phrases should always be set off from the main clause with a comma. The action that is occurring in these participial phrases should relate back to the subject. That is, the subject of the sentence should be doing the action. If this is not the case, the result is a dangling modifier.

There are two basic types of participial phrases.

1. There is the present participial phrase [which usually employs an "-ing" form of a verb (like the gerund) within it.]

[Beginning] Looking at the recent issue of Cosmo, the man who always sits in the back of the bus began to hum to himself a song from a strip tease act.

[End] Dogs lick themselves all over, thinking they are superior to men.

Usage: This form is usually used when the action within the participial phrase is still ongoing.

2. There is the past participial phrase [which usually employs an "-ed" form of a verb (similar to the participle) within it.]

[Beginning] Attached to a mother that only a son could love, Jerry, the newborn, suckling pig, felt a profound attraction to ugliness come over him.

[End] The lonely caddy became flustered, scared that his affections for the old man's daughter would be noticed.

Usage: This form is usually used when the action within the participial phrase is completed.

exercises:

http://www.glencoe.com/sec/writerschoice/gp/hslessons/grade9/lesson18/exercises.shtml

Gerund and Infinitive Phrases:

A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for example: subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition.

Gerund as subject:

Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (Traveling is the gerund.)
The study abroad program might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (The gerund has been removed.)

Gerund as direct object:

They do not appreciate my singing. (The gerund is singing.)
They do not appreciate my assistance. (The gerund has been removed)

Gerund as subject complement:

My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. (The gerund is sleeping.)
My cat's favorite food is salmon. (The gerund has been removed.)

Gerund as object of preposition:

The police arrested him for speeding. (The gerund is speeding.)
The police arrested him for criminal activity. (The gerund has been removed.)

A gerund phrase is a group of words consisting of a gerund and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the gerund, such as:

The gerund phrase functions as the subject of the sentence.

Finding a needle in a haystack would be easier than what we're trying to do.

Finding (gerund)
a needle (direct object of action expressed in gerund)
in a haystack (prepositional phrase as adverb)

The gerund phrase functions as the direct object of the verb appreciate.

I hope that you appreciate my offering you this opportunity.

my (possessive pronoun adjective form, modifying the gerund)
offering (gerund)
you (indirect object of action expressed in gerund)
this opportunity (direct object of action expressed in gerund)

The gerund phrase functions as the subject complement.

Tom's favorite tactic has been jabbering away to his constituents.

jabbering away to (gerund)
his constituents (direct object of action expressed in gerund)

The gerund phrase functions as the object of the preposition for.

You might get in trouble for faking an illness to avoid work.

faking (gerund)
an illness (direct object of action expressed in gerund)
to avoid work (infinitive phrase as adverb)

The gerund phrase functions as the subject of the sentence.

Being the boss made Jeff feel uneasy.

Being (gerund)
the boss (subject complement for Jeff, via state of being expressed in gerund)

An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb (in its simplest "stem" form) and functioning as a noun, adjective, or adverb. The term verbal indicates that an infinitive, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, the infinitive may function as a subject, direct object, subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Although an infinitive is easy to locate because of the to + verb form, deciding what function it has in a sentence can sometimes be confusing.

To wait seemed foolish when decisive action was required. (subject)
Everyone wanted to go. (direct object)
His ambition is to fly. (subject complement)
He lacked the strength to resist. (adjective)
We must study to learn. (adverb)

Be sure not to confuse an infinitive—a verbal consisting of to plus a verb—with a prepositional phrase beginning with to, which consists of to plus a noun or pronoun and any modifiers.

Infinitives: to fly, to draw, to become, to enter, to stand, to catch, to belong
Prepositional Phrases: to him, to the committee, to my house, to the mountains, to us, to this address

An Infinitive Phrase is a group of words consisting of an infinitive and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the actor(s), direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the infinitive, such as:

We intended to leave early.

The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb intended.
to leave (infinitive)
early (adverb)

I have a paper to write before class.

The infinitive phrase functions as an adjective modifying paper.
to write (infinitive)
before class (prepositional phrase as adverb)

Phil agreed to give me a ride.

The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb agreed.
to give (infinitive)
me (indirect object of action expressed in infinitive)
a ride (direct object of action expressed in infinitive)

They asked me to bring some food.

The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb asked.
me (actor or "subject" of infinitive phrase)
to bring (infinitive)
some food (direct object of action expressed in infinitive)

Everyone wanted Carol to be the captain of the team.

The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the verb wanted.
Carol (actor or "subject" of infinitive phrase)
to be (infinitive)
the captain (subject complement for Carol, via state of being expressed in infinitive)
of the team (prepositional phrase as adjective)

exercises:
http://www.grammaruntied.com/phrases/phrasepractice

.html
http://www.grammaruntied.com/phrases/phrasequiz1/Iquizphrase.html

Appositive Phrases

A word, phrase or clause that means the same thing as (i.e., synonym) or further explains another noun (pronoun).

Non-restrictive appositives are not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
Restrictive appositives are essential to the meaning of the sentence.

NON-RESTRICTIVE:

Her husband, Fritz, is a nice guy.
1. We assume she has only one husband. Thus, commas are used.
The firm chose Mary, vice president of public affairs, as its chief executive officer.
1. Because we have identified the person by name, her title is additional information. It can be set off by commas. In other words, we could take it out and the meaning would not change.
The Grand Canyon, one of our nation's most popular tourist attractions, is breathtaking to behold.
1. Because we have identified the place by name, the rest is additional information. It can be set off by commas. In other words, we could take it out and the meaning would not change.
Neil Armstrong, the first man who walked on the moon, is a native of Ohio.
1. Because we have identified the person by name, the additional information is not restricted to the sentence. It can be set off by commas. In other words, we could take it out and the meaning would not change.

RESTRICTIVE:

Evan's friend John cheated on the test.
1. EVAN has more than one friend; therefore, no commas are used to set off JOHN. We need the name to know which friend we're talking about.
We students are happy with good grades.
1. STUDENTS identify who WE [subj.] are. If we remove it, WE does not have the same meaning.
She waited patiently for the famous author Stephen King.
1. STEPHEN KING identifies which famous author. There is no comma after AUTHOR because there are many famous author.

exercises:

http://www.grammaruntied.com/phrases/phrasequiz2/Iquizphrase2.html

THE CLAUSE

Adjective Clauses

Here is a brief review of adjective clauses and relative pronouns.

An adjective clause is used to describe a noun:

A relative pronoun is usually used to introduce an adjective clause:

The main relative pronouns are:

Pronoun	Use	Example
Who	used for humans in subject position	Hans, who is an architect, lives in Berlin.
Whom	used for humans in object position	Marike, whom Hans knows well, is an interior decorator.
Which	used for things and animals in subject or object position	Marike has a dog which follows her everywhere.
That	used for humans, animals and things, in subject or object position (but see below)	Marike is decorating a house that Hans designed.

There are two main kinds of adjective clause:

1. Non-restrictive clauses

Non-defining clauses give extra information about the noun, but they are not essential:

The desk in the corner, which is covered in books, is mine.

Explanation: We don't need this information in order to understand the sentence. “The desk in the corner is mine” is a good sentence on its own — we still know which desk is referred to. Note that non-defining clauses are usually separated by commas, and “that” is not usually used in this kind of context.

2. Restrictive clauses

Defining clauses give essential information about the noun:

The package that arrived this morning is on the desk.

Explanation: We need this information in order to understand the sentence. Without the relative clause, we don't know which package is being referred to. Note that “that” is often used in defining relative clauses, and they are not separated by commas.

exercises:

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/adj1.htm

Adverb Clauses

An adverb may be a single word such as quickly, here or yesterday (see the page Adverbs), or a phrase such as the day before yesterday or to see my mother (see the page Adverb Phrases). However, adverbs can also be clauses, containing a subject and a full verb. This page will explain the basic types of adverb clauses (sometimes called "adverbial clauses") and how to recognize them.

Adverbs, adverb phrases, and adverb clauses

Look at these sentences:

I saw the movie yesterday.

I saw the movie on Friday.

I saw the movie before I left for Calgary.

In the first sentence, “yesterday” is a one-word adverb, “on Friday” is an adverb phrase, and “before I left for Calgary” is an adverb clause. All of them answer the question “When?”, but the adverb clause has a subject (“I”) and a full verb (“left”). It is introduced by “before”, so it is a dependent clause. This means that it cannot stand alone: “Before I left for Calgary” would not be a full sentence. It needs a main clause (“I saw the movie”). An adverb clause, then, is a dependent clause that does the same job as an adverb or an adverb phrase.

Types of adverb clause

There are many types of adverb clauses. Here are some examples of the most common types:

Type	Question answered	Example
Place	Where?	Wherever there are computers, there is Microsoft software.
Time	When?	After the fruit is harvested, it is sold at the market.
Cause	Why? (What caused this?)	I didn't call her because I'm shy.
Purpose	Why? (What was the reason for doing this?)	She took a computer course so that she could get a better job.
Concession	Why is this unexpected?	Although Jay has a Master's degree, he works as a store clerk.
Condition	Under what conditions?	If you save your money, you will be able to go to college.

As you can see from the examples above, most adverb clauses can be recognized because they are introduced by a particular word or phrase (such as "when" and "so that"). These words and phrases are called subordinating conjunctions, and there are many of them, including these:

after, before, until, while, because, since, as, so that, in order that, if, unless, whether, though, although, even though, where

exercises:

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/advcls1.htm

Noun Clauses

A noun clause does the work of a noun in a sentence or phrase. It is a group of words containing a subject and a finite verb of its own.

Some Rules: noun clauses usually begin with words like how, why, what, where, when, who, that, which, whose, whether, etc. Also words like whoever, whenever, whatever and wherever

There are therefore just three basic types of noun clauses:

those that start with a question word such as where, how, who, when and why
those that start with whether, whatever etc or if
those that start with that.

Examples of the noun clause:

Where does John live?
If John buys a Ferrari
That Mr. Smith is a good teacher
You really do not want to know what Mrs. Smith gives her husband for dinner
(what "Mrs. Smith gives her husband for dinner" is the noun clause)

Exercises:

http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/nounclausequiz.html